Democracy as a system of governance ideally seeks to involve, entrench, and demand the participation of all stakeholders. In this way, democracy can bring about social development to the benefit of society as a whole. Yet Nigeria’s democracy has been plagued by interruptions, and the widespread discrimination and marginalisation of women is against the essence of what it means to be democratic. This paper aims to critically analyse the effect of female empowerment on the Nigerian democratic experience from a historical and theoretical perspective, and emphasise the importance of female empowerment for democratic stability and societal development.
The author begins by exploring the concepts of democracy and empowerment, before briefly outlining the history of women’s involvement in Nigeria’s democratic past. Notable Nigerian women from the pre-independence era, such as Mrs Janet Mokelu and Funmilayo Ransome Kuti are mentioned, as well as the participation of Nigerian women in international conferences throughout the 1990’s. These women led the way in establishing awareness for the need of greater women’s emancipation in Nigerian politics, as well as in social and economic spheres. Next, the paper discusses the gains made by women through the administrations of President Goodluck Jonathan, arguing that women made significant and important contributions to deepening democracy and advancing development.
The challenges that constrain women’s participation and representation in Nigerian politics are identified, and briefly discussed. These include: cultural and religious discrimination, beginning in childhood; a lack of confidence; the feminisation of poverty, which inhibits women’s access to funds and resources; the marginalisation of women in the leadership of political parties; political violence; illiteracy, and the lack of formal education for 50% of Nigerian women; and the negative perception of politics held by many women, namely that it is a man’s realm of corruption and scandal, and something to avoid.
The author makes six recommendations to relevant stakeholders to help empower more women to participate in politics:
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Women leadership organisations and relevant stakeholders should continue to advocate for legislation that protects women from abuse and discrimination.
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Both government and women’s rights organisations should continue to empower and train women to be more independent and politically relevant.
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Government and non-governmental bodies should facilitate and encourage the building of networks of solidarity among women.
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Government should pass legislation that seeks to encourage equal stakeholder participation in decision-making and politics.
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Government should continue to review all legislation and policies in relation to women’s participation in politics.
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Women should shake of the shackles of discrimination and strive to have a voice of their own.
In conclusion, the paper notes that while the transition from military rule to democracy in Nigeria has greatly improved the status and stakes of women in politics, women’s substantial role in sustaining democracy has not translated into adequate representation in elective politics. However, given the rising number of women involved in politics at all levels, it is hoped that if these recommendations are followed, a brighter future awaits for both women and democracy in Nigeria.